Therefore, the true genotype of individuals cannot be determined by electrophoresis and only the allelic phenotype is available for these markers. For example, for autotetraploids, the genotype AABB has the same electrophoresis band pattern as the genotype AAAB. In general, polyploid population genetics analyses present two major challenges: (a) genotyping ambiguities and (b) double-reduction.įor PCR-based markers, the dosage of alleles cannot be directly determined by electrophoresis.
#GENODIVE GENETIC KINSHIP SOFTWARE#
However, multivalent pairing can also occur in allopolyploids, resulting in a mixed inheritance pattern across loci in the genome, termed segmental allopolyploidy (Stebbins, 1950).īecause of differences in data formats and inheritance models, computer software designed for diploid organisms, such as genepop (Rousset, 2008) and arlequin (Excoffier & Lischer, 2010), cannot be used for autopolyploid species.
![genodive genetic kinship genodive genetic kinship](http://www.flyfishingdevon.co.uk/salmon/year3/psy364parental-investment/geneticrelatedness2.gif)
Allopolyploids generally display disomic inheritance (Luo et al., 2006), because chromosomes from different species are not completely homologous. These are two extremes and many autopolyploid taxa represent intermediate stages (Butruille & Boiteux, 2000). In autopolyploids, both bivalents and multivalents can be formed during meiosis, resulting in disomic and polysomic inheritance, respectively. This paper mainly focuses on autopolyploids and allopolyploids that display polysomic inheritance. In allopolyploidy, chromosomes originate from two species in autopolyploidy, all chromosomes originate within a single species, often due to unreduced gametes. There are two distinct mechanisms of genome duplication that result in polyploidy: allopolyploidy and autopolyploidy. Due to their often important role in plant speciation, polyploids are regularly the subject of theoretical and experimental studies for evolutionary biology, molecular ecology and agriculture (Ling et al., 2018). Polyploidy has occurred in almost every ancestral plant lineage, and frequently occurs in extant species, especially in plants (Barker, Arrigo, Baniaga, Li, & Levin, 2016). Polyploids are cells or organisms having a genome with more than two sets of homologous chromosomes. polygene will thus facilitate molecular ecology research involving autopolyploids. polygene enables easy and convenient allelic phenotype- or genotype-based analysis for both autopolyploids and diploids.Comprehensive modes of genetic analyses are provided by polygene, which include genetic diversity analysis, tests for allelic phenotypic or genotypic distributions, linkage disequilibrium and genetic differentiation, genetic distance analysis, principal coordinates analysis, hierarchical clustering analysis, individual inbreeding coefficient estimation, individual heterozygosity index estimation, population assignment, pairwise relatedness estimation, parentage analysis, analysis of molecular variance and Bayesian clustering.Specifically, polygene obtains posterior probabilities for genotypes hidden within allelic phenotypes.
![genodive genetic kinship genodive genetic kinship](http://www.owston.com/blog/geneticdistance.jpg)
To address these problems, we developed a new software package, polygene, which enables the estimation of genotypic frequencies for a number of polysomic inheritance models.When present, polyploidy presents problems for genetic data analysis, which are caused by both genotypic ambiguities and double-reduction. Polyploidy has appeared in almost every ancestral plant lineage, and in extant species, occurs frequently.